

The null type is referred to as "null" (in quotes, as a string), and it has only one possible value (also null, but without quotes). In both Avro and PFA, all values have a well-defined sort order: PFA inerits Avro sort order and equivalence when performing comparisons in functions such as "<", "max", and "=". In both Avro and PFA, values cannot contain circular references: all data structures are trees. Since Avro is a serialization format, it does not raise the issue of whether its values are mutable (can be changed in-place) or immutable. The Avro specification page fully describes this type system, but it is reproduced here with PFA-specific notes. The same type system applies to input data, output data, persistent data structures like model parameters, and function signatures.

a null type, which PFA uses to represent missing data,.boolean, integer, floating-point, and string primitives,.Avro describes data types using strings and JSON objects, so PFA simply includes Avro as a language subset.

Rather than invent a new type system, PFA uses the same one as the Avro serialization format. Every programming language has an implicit or explicit type system, and most of these type systems are similar to one another.
